Abstract
The placebo effect can be defined as any improvement of illnesses or reduction of subjective symptoms
that result from interventions possessing no known physical effects. By contrast,
the nocebo effect refers to undesirable symptoms or illnesses that follow interventions also lacking
known physical effects. It may also play a role in chronic illnesses that lack objective
confirmation. Both placebo and nocebo effects can be potent and must be understood
by both practitioners and researchers for proper application in clinical medicine.
Individual caregivers can apply these principles to modify results in the daily care
of patients.
Keywords
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Article Info
Publication History
Published online: July 08, 2022
Publication stage
In Press Journal Pre-ProofFootnotes
Funding: None.
Conflicts of Interest: None.
Authorship: The sole author is responsible for all content.
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Copyright
© 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
